
Disturbance-Ready Restoration
Introduction
The following information was generated during manager-centered discussions around “Disturbance-ready restoration”--a forum session at the 2023 Pacific Entomological and Botanical (PEB) Meeting. During this forum, the participants explored four types of Extreme Climatic Events (ECE)–Fire, Flooding and Landslides, Drought and Wind. They listed 1) what restoration actions would help protect ecosystems from ECE effects (before any ECE) and 2) what restoration action would help maintain ecosystem function–after an ECE. They then discussed 3) barriers to implementing the restoration actions discussed in 1) and 2) and finally if their experiences has resulted in any maladaptive actions.
Discussion Notes
click on any tile to enlarge image

Actions to take at a restoration site that may generate resilience to an Extreme Climatic Event.

Barriers to implementing restoration and adaptation actions before or after an ECE.

Actions that may maintain or improve ecosystem functions after an ECE.

Practices that may not be useful in the face of ECE’s, or may even be considered maladaptive, as opposed to generating resilience before/after ECEs.
Follow-up Questions
Following the Forum in 2023, participants were invited to a virtual work session in early 2024 to: a) sort, cluster and label the responses, and b) examine what actions may be common between ECEs and what actions may be unique to a single disturbance type. This work session was conducted with support from team members of the Drought resilience in experimental restoration (DRIER) research team. DRIER is a current PICASC project centered on supporting climate-resilient restoration in Hawaiʻi. The following 5 questions were addressed during this work session:
-
What actions are common between disturbance types or are unique to a disturbance?
-
Within a disturbance type, what adaptation actions are the same before and after, and which ones are unique to their temporal context (i.e., should be implemented either before OR after)?
-
Are there contradicting adaptation actions across disturbance types (e.g., where practices are likely maladaptive for one disturbance type, but adaptive for another)?
-
What barriers to implementation are common across disturbance types, and which are unique?
-
Are there emergent themes from this exercise that will help managers adopt disturbance-ready adaptation and restoration practices?
Disturbance-Ready Restoration
The following lists represent the experiences and perceptions of the forum participants. The first table is a compilation of actions that are relevant to all four ECE's focused on during the forum. The rest of the tables depict actions by ECE and indicate if that action was indicated as applicable to any other ECE's during the forum, excluding the actions in the first table. Click on the icon to jump to the ECE action list you want to view, as well as the side menu to jump around.

Fire

Flooding/Landslides

Drought

Wind
Actions that Address all Four Extreme Climatic Events
Timing
Establish redundant populations for listed or rare species
Establish living collections for rare plants (e.g., Botanical Collections, Greenhouse collections, etc.)
Use successional outplanting with place-holder or nurse species (native and nonnative) as a
long-term strategy
Increase collection and storage of common and early-succession species, workhorse species, etc.
Utilize species with traits of resilience/tolerance to ECEs (i.e., flood, fire, drought, stability-both
wind and soil)
Identify alternative locations to move important living collections
Secure infrastructure and free standing materials before a disturbance event
Incorporate disturbance risk into site selection and choose areas appropriate for your restoration goals
Assess damage to species of concern, outplantings and other biological resources
Gather seeds/cuttings from important/rare plants that remain after event
Conduct broadcast seeding, by hand or using novel methods
Manage invasive species
Monitor rare plants (outplantings and wild populations) after disturbance
Survey for new invasive species occurrences after disturbance
Before
Before
Before
Before
Before
Before
Before
Before
After
After
After
After
After
After

Fire Related Management Actions
Timing
Condition and supplement the soil (e.g., compost) in areas that are disturbed
Establish seed production areas for bulk collections
Create multi-use water catchments
Restore riparian areas to increase stream flow for fire risk reduction
Remove flammable weeds around rare plants
Graze for weed control and fire risk reduction
Establish shaded fuel breaks (i.e., green breaks, green strips)
Plan and implement fire breaks at the landscape scale
Designate 'let it burn' areas
Communicate and develop fire risk plans with fire departments
Check facilities, project sites, fencelines, and roads for damage; conduct necessary clean-up and repairs
Check for and remove ungulates within fenced areas
Check water catchments
Increased and ongoing weeding efforts to reduce the potential for dead fuel accumulation during drought
Develop post-fire restoration plans by ecosystem
Before, After
Before
Before
Before
Before
After
After
After
After
After
Before
Before
Before
Before
Before



























Flooding and Landslide Related Management Actions
Timing


Before
Before
Before
Before
Before
After
After
After
After
Before
After
Before
Before
Before
Condition and supplement the soil (e.g., compost) in areas that are disturbed
Implement small-scale, in-site erosion barriers around outplantings (e.g., terracing)
Strategic plantings--consider multiple canopy/groundcover levels
Establish seed production areas for bulk collections
Create multi-use water catchments
Restore riparian areas to increase stream flow for fire risk reduction
Plant outplants in groups to increase facilitation, such as promoting more favorable microclimates, increasing water retention, etc.
Understand the effects of water infrastructure (e.g., water diversions, catchments, reservoirs)
Implement landscape-level (e.g., check dams, coco coir rolls, erosion cloth, geotextiles, etc.) erosion and rockfall mitigation measures
Design fence stream crossings to accommodate rock/water pass through
(e.g., with Hypolan)
Install ungulate proof fences
Control ungulates outside of fenced areas (e.g., collaboration with local hunters/hunting clubs)
Improve understory with outplanting focus on understory taxa
Clear stream of debris that can clog path of water (e.g., hau, (Hibiscus tiliaceus)
Control invasive species that create monocultures that facilitate landslides
(e.g., Miconia)
Develop what-if scenarios for large precipitation events, sequences of wet/dry, and/or multiple, subsequent events
Restore wetlands/loʻi to "sponge up" runoff and storm surges
Check facilities, project sites, fencelines, and roads for damage; conduct necessary clean-up and repairs
Check for and remove ungulates within fenced areas
Monitor post-landslide debris
Prevent ongoing erosion and stabilize the soil (e.g., install coco coir rolls, erosion
cloth, geotextiles)
Restore wetlands/loʻi to capture sediment in lowlands
Before, After
Before, After
Before
Before
Before
Before, After
Before, After
Before

































Drought Related Management Actions
Timing
Before
Before
Before
Before, After
Before
Before
Before
Before
Before
Before
Before
Before
Before
Before
Before
Before
Before
Before
Before
Condition and supplement the soil (e.g., compost) in areas that are disturbed
Create multi-use water catchments
Restore riparian areas to increase stream flow for fire risk reduction
Plant outplants in groups to increase facilitation, such as promoting more favorable microclimates, increasing water retention, etc.
Understand the effects of water infrastructure (e.g., water diversions, catchments, reservoirs)
Retain some non-native canopy to tamp down sun-loving understory weed species
Oli, pule, and mele–cultural practices–calling for rain
Monitor and relocate species (i.e. snails) before drought conditions [assisted migration/translocation]
Create shade with overstory outplantings
Plant in the shade line of trees/cliffs
Clear smaller sized areas
Acclimate plants to local environment before outplanting
Purchase supplies to provide supplemental water to important outplants
(e.g., portable pumps and hoses)
Source seeds to use for restoration from drought and heat-tolerant populations
Install fog capture devices to increase water for outplants or important wild plants
Evaluate best microsites for outplanting (e.g., topography, species associations) so
that outplants can be planted at the most favorable sites
Plan outplanting dates in advance using forecasts to coincide with appropriate
weather conditions (e.g., appropriate rainfall)
Check water catchments
Increased and ongoing weeding efforts to reduce the potential for dead fuel accumulation during drought
Reduce dead fuels through increased weeding efforts
Weed at the beginning of the rainy season
Record survival of outplants after disturbance to inform future replanting
After
Before
Before


































Wind Related Management Actions
Timing
Before
Before
Before
Before
Before
Before
Before
Before
Before
Before
Establish seed production areas for bulk collections
Plant outplants in groups to increase facilitation, such as promoting more favorable microclimates, increasing water retention, etc.
Remove trees/branches along fence lines/key infrastructure (trails, roads, worksites)
to protect them from tree fall damage
Remove trees/branches around outplant sites to protect plants from tree fall damage
Install windbreaks around restoration sites
Plant outplants in an arrangement that reduces wind velocity
Control invasive plants in forested areas vulnerable to wind disturbances to minimize invasion post-tree fall
Designate trees around native plants to leave in place (e.g., non-native species) to protect from wind
Move important plants in nurseries/greenhouses into a secure area before arrival of
a storm
Water plants before leaving - especially if staff may be forced to leave for a few days
Purchase extra supplies to have on hand as back-ups, especially items that are often damaged in wind events
Propagate plants of common species that are available to plant in canopy openings after storms
Plant outplants under older/mature trees that may fall during a storm to ensure
gap closure after treefall
Check facilities, project sites, fencelines, and roads for damage; conduct necessary clean-up and repairs
Check for and remove ungulates within fenced areas
Control invasive species that are spreading as a result of the disturbance
Remove weeds and plant outplants in forest gaps that are opened up by tree falls soon after the event
Remove fallen trees/limbs before they become breeding grounds for pests such as Coconut Rhinoceros Beetle
Before
Before
After
After
After
After
Before























After



Emergent Themes
In addition to developing lists of actions to address each ECE, the participants discussed what barriers prevent these actions from happening and what restoration actions managers have found to be ineffective, or even maladaptive.
Overarching themes
It was hard to avoid discussing systemic shortcomings that shape managers ability to conduct disturbance-ready restoration. Capacity, advocacy, and coordination were such themes. More workforce for weeding and planting is critical to effect change at a scale that reflects the magnitude of extreme climate events. Developing the capacity to implement outplantings/ broadcast seeding is just as crucial as developing those kinds of plans. The advocacy for ethical water rights is ongoing, with overwhelming impacts on people, as well as restoration projects during and between drought events. Coordination is critical for effective fire management, for preventative and response measures. Establishing a working group to support cohesive, landscape-level planning and communication between program staff and landowners could be an effective tool. Finally, actions that reflect an expansion of common restoration goals, such as implementing traditional indigenous cropping systems and restoring mauka and watershed regions and spaces with mixed native and canoe species. Potentially, this effort can support the development of strategies that address multiple hazards, and improve multiple ecosystem services.
Barriers
Barriers fell into the following categories: information gaps, funding, policy communication, infrastructure, and lack of native plant materials for restoration. Any information gaps indicated as barriers to implementation were combined with the information/research needs extracted from the first part of the discussion. Funding was a ubiquitous theme across all ECEs discussed. Ultimately, a lack of funding limits the workforce size for any program’s capacity to prepare for and respond to ECEs. Lack of funding also results in limitations in material resources to facilitate restoration and ECE response. There was a specific mention for fire that funding limitations lead to a lack of air response and other equipment for wildland fire responders. In the wind discussion, it came up that disaster response funding is not necessarily available for restoration. The flood/landslide discussion articulated the scope of funding needs being multiple and immediate for endangered species management and ecosystem response. The fire discussion brought up the most comments regarding policy barriers, noting that the laws that shape fire response, access, permitting, and MOUs for fire response and planning are lacking. Furthermore, there are instances of agency mandates in conflict. Policy intersects strongly with drought in that water diversions may exacerbate drought conditions, leading back to water use policy and water rights issues. Water availability also impacts fire restoration and response. Similar system and physical infrastructure limitations also challenge implementing wind-related management actions. For example, there are not always extra or appropriate facilities to move living collections and propagation stock into. The remote nature of many restoration sites is also subject to infrastructure limitations when implementing restoration actions in response to and when preparing for extreme climate events. Another barrier to implementing disturbance-ready/responsive restoration is the lack of appropriate propagules, both seed and plant materials, in the amount needed––or a mechanism to exchange plant materials where others may have stock. For drought, not only is there a tension between locally sourced seeds versus seeds from drier places, but there is a lack of seed availability from drought-tolerant populations. Network gaps, such as a gap between university research and managers, climate/weather specialists, and managers for resilience planning, and efficient and effective knowledge sharing between different sites and organizations—especially of unpublished, local knowledge—were articulated during the wind and drought discussions. The fire discussion felt that federal agencies do not appear to be responding to the needs of communities, and there is a lack of sharing for both strategies and coordinating the sharing of resources. Weak leadership across agencies and a lack of trust between agencies, communities, and landowners contributed to this network gap. Network gaps further hindering the implementation of disturbance-ready restoration included a lack of public buy-in and management/landowner attitudes. Gaps in outreach and education–specifically the lack of social science specialists in the fire context–result in a lack of expert guidance for the public regarding wind and fire response.
Maladaptive Practices
Finally, the participants were asked if there are any planning or restoration actions that are not useful or even maladaptive. The themes that emerged from this discussion were the lack of long-term vision/planning, species selection and planting methods, and communication challenges. No long-term vision encompassed actions such as unthinkingly following hype—for example, million tree plantings or “checklist” conservation– or not reflecting on restoration actions, such as with tracking or monitoring. Rushing in with intensive action was also seen as detrimental. Creating large openings in a canopy may create edges that are more susceptible to strong winds and otherwise create vulnerability for desired species. Other intensive actions can suppress natural regeneration, such as through intensive grazing or weeding efforts that suppress natural regeneration, potentially leading to erosion and landslides. A lack of long-term vision may also lead to diffuse effort, where a program is trying to do too many things at once. Being beholden to a deadline hinders long-term planning, especially if a manager tries to keep up with short-term funding cycles.
Information Gaps and Research Needs
Information gaps and research needs emerged across the various discussions, sometimes explicitly as a barrier to implementing disturbance ready restoration, or as key features to
Fire
There is a need for cataloging the history of prior land use/land care practices—especially those by Kanaka ʻŌiwi. Information gaps exist regarding prior knowledge of soils and seed banks. Assessments defining the multiple benefits generated from conducting fire-disturbance-ready restoration are missing. Lastly, gaps in methods for large-scale seed deployment—such as the development of hydro mulch and drone seeding technologies (see table) need to be addressed.
Flooding/Landslides
There are information gaps that need to be addressed to support prioritization for flooding/landslide restoration. Additionally, there is a need for more propagation research on early succession species, such as Dicranopteris linearis (uluhe). Best management practices (BMPs)—with flexibility—to inform flooding/landslide ready restoration and response are also lacking.
Drought
An information gap exists around seed zones and taxa lists with knowledge gaps about appropriate species and seed sources for outplants in drought-prone areas. Furthermore, there is a lack of data on drought-tolerant populations. References and resources should refer to both historical climates–where now–and consider future climate conditions–where they will be in the future. Additionally, managers commented on feeling a lack of knowledge about seeking help from researchers/academic institutions.
In addition to restoration materials, information is needed to support the determination of microclimates—for example site-specific maps generated from LiDAR data that depict 1 m contours that can show small gulches, cliffs, etc. However, USGS and ANRPO were both indicated as developing and/or piloting this type of resource.
Wind
There are limitations in our understanding of wind dynamics on the landscape, and how habitats/systems respond (naturally) to wind-generated disturbances. Information on plant growth rates and ontogeny needs to be included.




Audience Description
Mahalo to everyone who joined us to discuss Disturbance-Ready Restoration!

Fig a)
We had over 40 participants, bringing their experiences from four specific island contexts, and even working at the statewide level (Fig a).

Fig b)
We asked folks to describe their role (Fig b)--management was the most common word used, with field work and research also appearing most often. The green text captures the variety of focal topics that shape the participants exerperiences.
Stay Connected
This discussion was used to inform a workshop at the 2024 Hawaiʻi Conservation Conference: "Developing climate change resilient restoration strategies", the details of which can be viewed on a webpage of its own.
Subsequently, the Hawaiʻi Island Weed and Restoration Forum (Oct 2024) focused on Seed-based restoration, featuring examples of broadcast projects post-fire and discussions about Seed sourcing. A link to that page is coming soon.
And we would love to hear from you! Do you have experiences with the actions shared? Do you see missing actions? Is there a follow-up conversation you would like to be a part of? Feel free to email us at EcosystemsExtension @ gmail.com
or join our listserv below.